Kaldon Grammar

 

Thanks to anyone who looks at this, any comments can be sent to Warmaster@Tiscali.co.uk

 

Phonology

 

The following table represents most of Kaldon’s sounds which are recognised as consonants, the few which are not on the table are placed below it.

 

	Labial	Labial-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Alveolar-palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	P, B			T, D		K, G
Fricative		V	Th, Dh	Z	Zh		H
Affricate
Approximant	Hw, W			R, L
Nasal	M			N
Asperates	Ph
Glides				Tz		Kw
Others	Hl, X

 

 Pronounciation

 

All the stops are pronounced as they are medially in English {that is, unaspirated} save only ph, which is pronounced as the p in pot. Note that G is always the sound of get.

The fricatives are pronounced largely as in English. Th is the voiceless ‘th’ of thin /T/ Dh is the voiced ‘th’ of that. Zh is pronounced as in English pleasure /Z/ H is largely as in English in the initial position, but medially it is voiced /î/

Hw is the voiceless ‘w’ found in northern British dialects in word like when /ã/ R is a strong trill, like in red, it never colours the preceding vowels. L is always the clear ‘l’ of let, never the dark l of tell.

Kw is as in English quit Tz is the sound found in german Zaun /Ts/

Hl is the sound found in welsh ‘ll’, a ‘lateral fricative’ /L/

X is a voiced uvular fricative /Ò/

 

Clusters

 

There are quite strict limits on what consonant clusters are available in Kaldon. Inflections are almost always structured to prevent any new ones. The following are the only clusters that are allowed initially or finally.

 

Gl, Gth, Lm, Mt, Nd, Rd, Rth, Vr, Xl, Zl,

 

A few more clusters can occur in a medial position. Here is a list of those:

 

Gl, Gth, Lm, Ml, Mt, Nd, Rd, Rn, Vr, Vt, Xl, Zl,

 

Gl and Nd are self explanatory as they are pronounced as their English equivalents. The remainder, though unfamiliar, are pronounced always with both consonantal sounds clearly visible. Vr and Zl are the voiced equivalents of Fr and Sl, and should cause no difficulty. Lm and Rd are also easily pronounceable as is Gth. Vt is pronounced without a carry on of the voicing {i.e not /vd/} But Xl and Mt cause more problems. The Mavine peoples of Bair had as much trouble pronouncing Mt as us, substituting either Mut, Mit or Mpt, and regularised as the last. But since these sounded almost the same, the Ezleg recognised them as the same cluster, and thus there is no trouble pronouncing the cluster that way. Xl is more difficult. It represents the Kaldon sound X followed by a clear ‘l’ /Òl/ But its very deep throated nature makes it very hard to pronounce. One would suggest using the same sound but further forward in the mouth as other races did when speaking in Kaldon.

 

Note that the cluster that can only appear medially are very rare.

 

Vowels

 

The Kaldon vowel system is very simple, consisting of six vowels {one is a long version of a short, but it is a phonemic disctintion}, and two diphthongs, . A, E, I, O, U are pronounced as in Hat, Bet, Tin, Top, and Put. The sixth vowel is Ë, and is the long form of ‘E’, sounding somewhat like the vowel in Hate, but without any diphthongisation. Two Diphthongs occur, AI and EA. AI is pronounced as English ‘eye’ EA is pronounced as English ‘Ear’ note again that the consonant R does not colour the vowel. Our word Ear would simply be ‘ea’, where as Kaldon Lear is pronounced as L-ear-r

 

There are occasional irregularities in the vowel system. Vein and Nue are the prime examples. EI is pronounced /eùiù/ similar as is found in straight, but with more length. UE is pronounced as in oo-e /uùe/

 

Stress

 

Kaldon is a stress timed language like English, where the stresses are equally spaced. The stress is always on the first syllable, and has thus not been marked orthographically. Hence Híare and Ávternain. In words of three or more syllables there is a secondary stress on every third syllable, thus Av {Stressed} Ter {Unstressed} Nain {Lightly stressed} Inflections, though are never stressed are nonetheless still pronounced clearly

 

Orthographical notes:

 

Kaldon has been a) Spelled phonetically by me throughout, and b) Was spelled phonetically by the Ezleg in the first place. The Ezleg regarded phonetic regularity as infinitely more important than obsolete spelling forms, which passes to the fact that they right the languages of other peoples in a phonetic orthography if their spelling system is in consistent – causing resentment all round!. This means that all exceptions have some reason for their existence. Several have been explained and the remainder are covered in an appendix.

My transcriptions may not be in accord with other languages of Bair, but there are reasons for that. If I transcrpited them the same, there would be no way of initially identifying which is which. Secondly, these languages all have their own ways of transcription in any case. Thus using “Th” in Kaldon against “ð” in the Mavine languages shows both the natural difference, and my distinction. Also, the fact that Kaldon words are all spelt with a capital letter is due to the fact that in the Kaldain, the initial letter was written larger than those that followed.

 

 

Word formation

 

 

Kaldon words are quite free compared to individual sounds. They are often quite long, but this has little bearing to the Ezleg. There is only a few rules which govern the word forms

 

Stem types: Most Kaldon words begin with a consonant, and follow a C-V-C structure, where of course, C also stands for a legal cluster. Some Kaldon words go begin with a vowel however. In these cases the pattern follows the same form V-C-V-C- etc.

 

 

Compounding and affixation

 

Kaldon is not a great compounding tongue in the word formation sence. There are not many affixes or suffixes which effect meaning. The main compounding technique is to create proper nouns, which the language does do in abundance. Minabair, Latanzhear, and Barline being more simple examples. The rules are quite simple, as although compounded clusters are often formed, they are left intact as it marks that the word is indeed a compound. When two nouns are compounded, either order occurs, but when a noun is compounded to another word type, the noun usually comes first. All inflections in a compound are dropped in compounds which are used for naming. Also word order in a compound does not matter as much as one would think. If the compound is made of two nouns, they can be placed in any order. The compound is often made to suit taste and pronounceablity. Thus *Zhearlatan means exactly the same as Latanzhear. Thus the Boathouse/Houseboat variation does not apply in Kaldon.

However, in a Noun + Adjective compounds, this order is almost always maintained. There are a few affixes however, and a list is given below.

 

“Doer” Gtha- {Gthan-} e.g. Palath “Build” > Gthapalath “builder”

 

Negative: Il- {Ila} Mat “Mortal” > Ilmat “Immortal” {the vowel form is not needed as lm is a legal cluster

 

Diminutive: Har- {Hari-} Mtol “House” > Harimtol “Hovel, small house”

 

Augmentative: Xlët- { Xlëti-} Mtol “House”  > Xlëtimtol “mansion, great house”

 

“Able” Pazho- {Pazhon-} Ëgind “Aid” > Pazhoëgind “aidable”

 

These are all the affixes which were in common use. Note however that the negative affix is used when a single word is negated, not when the whole sentence is negated.

 

Borrowing

 

Kaldon has ever been resistant to borrowing, though there is no real reason why that should be as the Ezleg have never consciously said or done anything against it. There are some early borrowings of course from the Minare, Ardylm, Bythar, Bylar and the first element of Ardylamar are of course borrowed. But very few words have entered from the outside since then. The main reason of course is that the Ezleg have led the field in science and culture in Bairgarand for thousands of years, and so they are giving words to other peoples, not the other way around. Also the Long Ezleg life span and their advanced universal education works against such things, a similar thing happened with the Seldar, but they allowed a sizeable amount of words in because of their lower culture. The Ezleg are also a very reserved people, unlike the Seldar and the Mavine, who are very open with thoughts of anger. To the Ezleg it is a private thing, and all these things move against borrowing.

 

 

 

 

 

Nouns

 

Nouns are heavily inflected in Kaldon. That is, they have many cases. However, unlike most inflected languages, there is no distinction between the subject and object, which means that sentences such as “The Ezleg saw the Zelidan” and “the Zelidan saw the Ezleg” are, like in English, only distinguished by word order.

 

Cases

 

Kaldon distinguishes ten cases: Common, Vocative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative, Instrumental, Locative, Optative, Relative and Interrogative.

There are three “Declensions” if you will, each referring to the final sound of the root word. All words which end in vowels are in the second declension, and all words that end in consonants are spread across the first and third declension depending on what the final consonant is. The Common form is the word without any other inflections save possibly the plural form. The Vocative case is used for address and exclamations. The Genitive case denotes possession, as in the English word “Of” and English’s own Genitive “’S” The Dative indicates the English words “To” and “For” The Ablative denotes “By” “With” and “From” The instrumental “With” and “In” the locative, denoting position, has the key word “At” the Optative have the key words “Wish” and “Want” and the Relative is used when one refers to the noun, as in “the city that” while the interrogative is placed on a noun which is asking a question. In this grammar all inflections are underlined in transcription, but they are not elsewhere and note that the Vocative case is basically the same for all three declensions. Also know that the plural is separate from the case inflection, and come after it. Note also that the inflections must follow the basic formation rules. And all inflections make sure that the C-V-C order of the sounds is maintained

 

Declension patterns

 

There are three main declensions of nouns in Kaldon, with two further irregular declensions which have only a few members.

 

1^st declension, all words ending in –n –m –nd –tz –t –g –mt –k –kw –l –lm –p –ph –th –v –vr –z –zh –zl

All plurals in –N or –In {if the inflection/word ends in consonant}

Case	Use	Sing	Plural	Example
Common	Basic form		{i/in}	Avin pl Avinin
Vocative	Address	-ix	-ixin	Avinix pl Avinixin
Genitive	Of {‘s}	-ad	-adin	Avinad pl Avinadin
Dative	To, For	-an	-anin	Avinan pl Avinanin
Ablative	By, From, On	-ani	-anin	Avinani pl Avinanin
Instrumental	With, In, Into	-at	-atin	Avinat pl Avinatin
Locative	At, Over {To, there}	-ëz	-ëzin	Avinëz pl Avinëzin
Optative	Wish, want	-ando	-andon	Avinando pl Avinandon
Relative	…That/ who, whom	-azhig	-azhigi	Avinazhig pl Avinazhigi
Interrogative	Question	-anozh	-anozhin	Avinanozh pl Avinanozhin

 

2^nd declension, all words ending in vowels or diphthongs –a –e –i –o –u –ë –ai –ea

All plurals in –I or –mi {if the inflection/word ends in a vowel}

Case	Use	Sing	Plural	Example
Common	Basic Form		{i/mi}	Daro pl Daromi
Vocative	Exclamatory	-x	-xi	Darox pl Daroxi
Genitive	Of {‘s}	-nil	-nili	Daronil pl Daronili
Dative	To, For	-nu	-numi	Daronu pl Daronumi
Ablative	By, From, On	-nakw	-nakwi	Daronakw pl Daronakwi
Instrumental	With, In, Into	-nith	-nithi	Daronith pl Daronithi
Locative	At, Over {To, there}	-mazh	-mazhi	Daromazh pl Daromazhi
Optative	Wish, want	-natz	-natzi	Daronatz pl Daronatzi
Relative	…That/ who, whom	-magiz	-magizi	Daromagiz pl Daromagizi
Interrogative	Question	-neadh	-neadhi	Daroneadh pl Daroneadhi

 

3^rd declension, all words ending in –b –d- -g –gl –h –hl –hw –r –rd –w –x –xl

All plurals in –a or –ha {if the inflection/word ends in a vowel}

Case	Use	Sing	Plural	Example
Common	Basic form		{a/ha}	Bar pl Bara
Vocative	Exclamatory	-ix	-ixa	Barix pl Barixa
Genitive	Of {‘s}	-ona	-onaha	Barona pl Baronaha
Dative	To, For	-ono	-onoha	Barono pl Baronoha
Ablative	By, From, On	-oni	-oniha	Baroni pl Baroniha
Instrumental	With, In, Into	-ond	-onda	Barond pl Baronda
Locative	At, Over {To, there}	-omiz	-omiza	Baromiz pl Baromizi
Optative	Wish, want	-umaz	-umaza	Barumaz pl Barumaza
Relative	…That/ who, whom	-ometz	-ometza	Barometz pl Barometza
Interrogative	Question	-odhin	-odhina	Barodhin pl Barodhina

 

There are two more declensions, which are deemed “irregular” as the final sounds of the involved words are, unlike the main declensions, irregularly scattered. They are also distinctive in having an irregular plural and often, and irregular consonant separator in the plural {i.e. not always “I”}

 

“re” plural noun declension E.g “Mina” {N, type 4}

Case	Use	Sing	Plural	Example
Common	Basic form		-{i}re	Mina pl Minare
Vocative	Exclamatory	-{n}ix	-{n}ixa	Minanix pl Minanixa
Genitive	Of {‘s}	-{n}ex	-{n}exire	Minanex pl Minanexire
Dative	To, For	-{n}adh	-{n}adhire	Minanadh pl Minanadhire
Ablative	By, From, On	-{n}adh	-{n}adhire	Minanadh pl Minanadhire
Instrumental	With, In, Into	-{n}ita	-{n}itare	Minanita pl Minanitare
Locative	At, Over {To, there}	-{n}atza	-{n}atzare	Minanatza pl Minanatzare
Optative	Wish, want	-{n}oki	-{n}okire	Minanoki pl Minanokire
Relative	…That/ who, whom	-{n}az	-{n}azure	Minanaz pl Minanzaure
Interrogative	Question	-{n}ëdhu	-{n}ëdhure	Minanëdhu pl Minanëdhure

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“dhë” plural nouns E.g Tulëma “future”  {N, type 5}

Case	Use	Sing	Plural	Example
Common	Basic form		-{i}dhë	Tulëma pl Tulëmadhë
Vocative	Exclamatory	-{i}kwaidh	-{i}kwaidhidhë	Tulëmakwaidh pl Tulëmakwaidhidhë
Genitive	Of {‘s}	-{i}tzalmë	-{i}tzalmëdhë	Tulëmatzalmë pl Tulëmatzalmëdhë
Dative	To, For	-{i}tzol	-{i}tzolidhë	Tulëmatzol pl Tulëmatzolidhë
Ablative	By, From, On	-{i}tzam	-{i}tzamidhë	Tulëmatzam pl Tulëmatzamidhë
Instrumental	With, In, Into	-{i}daliz	-{i}dalizidhë	Tulëmadaliz pl Tulëmadalizidhë
Locative	At, Over {To, there}	-{i}palem	-{i}palemidhë	Tulëmapalem pl Tulëmapalemidhë
Optative	Wish, want	-{i}taito	-{i}taitodhë	Tulëmataito  pl Tulëmataitodhë
Relative	…That/ who, whom	-{i}teami	-{i}teamidhë	Tulëmateami pl Tulëmateamidhë
Interrogative	Question	-{i}tena	-{i}tenadhë	Tulëmatena pl Tulëmatenadhë

 

Note that these last two cases are rare. Especially the “dhë” class. In all about one hundred nouns fall in these declensions.

 

Case usage and Examples:

 

Common: Used for either subject or object depending on position

 

First Declension: Avin Lilalm Delend Lmëtila “The Mountain was ahead of them”

Second declension: Iku Ëlaralm Mtelot “The abyss came to her”

Third declension: Var Ëlarath Mtelot “The city comes to her”

 

Vocative: This is used when ever a person is addressed. It is always the subject noun, but a pronoun can take the vocative if the sentence begins with one.

 

First declension: Rilalix Hwabath Alainerono “The child calls for {its} father”

Second declension: Gandaxi Lmorenamt “The foes will die”

Third declension: Darix Ëlaramt Lend “The doom will come to it”

 

Genitive: indicates possession. Represented in English by either our genitive ‘s, or by our preposition ‘of’

 

First declension: Rinewanad Glathez Ikwodakw “The Cavalry’s banner was taken”

Second declension: Vegeranil Gaxindalm Var “The Storm’s destroyed the city”

Third declension: Narona Glandalm “The face’s shone”

 

Dative: The dative represents the indirect object, which is shown by the English prepositions, ‘ To’ and ‘for’

 

First declension: Kazarind Agilmath Avternainanin “Give the sword to Avternain” {note the position of verb}

Second declension: Alma lilath Urinimi “The hill is for gifts”

Third declension: Zilinakwi Lilath Araklearono Arak “By day, for night is dark”

 

Ablative: This case is used to represent the English prepositions ‘by’, ‘from’, and ‘on’

 

First declension: Zilinakwi Lilath Araklearono Arak “By day, for night is dark”

Second declension: Ën Gailanatz Lirenakw “I am named by many”

Third declension: Ële Thamath Ëraklearoni “We go by night”

 

Instrumental: This case is used to represent the English prepositions ‘with’, ‘in’, and, ‘into’

 

First declension: Ën Thamath Avternainatin “I go with Avternain”

Second declension: Ën Thamath Arelenith “I go with the Queen”

Third declension: Ën Thamath Pelaronda “I go with the People”

 

Locative: The locative case is used to indicate movement, and represents the English prepositions ‘at’ and ‘over, under’ {only in a movement sense}

 

First declension: Ën Thamath Avternainëz “I go over to Avternain”

Second declension: Mten Belalm Dinemazh “He looked at the plain”

Third declension: Mtel Belalm Kovokeromiz “She looked at the shelter”

 

Optative: This case represents basic desire, and represents the English words ‘wish, want’

 

First declension: Avternainando Thamath Mtol “Avternain wants to go home”

Second declension: Gananatz Phenath Ël “The foe wants to kill us”

Third declension: Pelarumaz Daranath Alath “The person wants to end this”

 

Relative: This case represents the relative pronouns “that, who, whom” when used in a sentence like “the person who did…..” and “the city that burned” if the noun needs to inflect for another case, this ending is not used.

 

First declension: Mtolazhig Lilalm Leazez “The house that was old”

Second declension: Rathemagiz Mtenando “The skill that he wanted

Third declension: Kovokerometz Mtelumaz “The shelter that she wanted”

 

Interrogative: The interrogative cases is used to introduce questions, removing the need for the interrogative “who, what, where etc” it is usually used on pronouns, but it can occur on nouns, mostly proper names, though “who saw the horse” and such is very possible.

 

First declension:  Belalm Avternainanozh “Who saw Avternain?”

Second declension: Lilath Zhalmeneadh “Where is Zhalme?”

Third declension: Lilath Leathexodhin “Who is Leathex?”

 

Irrgegular nouns:

 

“re” class

Mina “guardian”

 

 

 

 

 

 

“dhë” class

Tulëma “future” 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Verbs

 

The Kaldon verb system is quite heavily inflected. There are no auxiliary verbs, as ill are taken up in inflections. The verbs are also quite regular. There are a small number of irregular verbs which are noted at the end.

 

The Kaldon verb distinguishes three tenses, Past, present, future, and each is derived into the basic and progressive forms, giving six basic forms in total, these six forms all have a passive form, and then there is four sets of special forms denoting auxiliary verbs, but these differ in that they do not distinguish basic or progressive. All these are derived from the “neutral” form, which has no inflection at all. This form is used only in names.

 

The verb chosen to illistraight this is Bat “Fight”

 

Past	Batalm {nalm}	“fought” in the sense of Ezlag Batalm Seldan “The Ezlag fought the Seldan”
Past Continuative	Batakw {nakw}	“was or were fighting” in the sense of Ezlag Batakw Seldan “The Ezlag was fighting the Seldan”
Present/Basic	Batath {nath}	“fight{s}” as in Ezlag Batath Seldan “The Ezleg fights the Seldan”
Present Continuative	Batatz {natz}	“is, am or are fighting” in the sense of Ezlag Batatz Seldan “The Ezlag is fighting the Seldan”
Future	Batamt {namt}	“will or shall fight” as in Ezlag Batamt Seldan “The Ezleg will fight the Seldan”
Future Continuative	Batavr {navr}	“will or shall be fighting” as in Ezlag Batavr Seldan “The Ezlag will be fighting the Seldan”

 

The Neutral form is used only as a secondary {see below}and when a verb is used in a person or place name.

 

For the passive forms, the subject noun must be in the ablative case to mark “by” but the word order does not change as below

 

Past passive	Batzalm {izalm}	“was fought…by” as in Ezlagdi Batzalm Seldan “The Seldan was fought by the Ezlag” note the same word order
Past passive Continuative	Batzakw {izakw}	“was being fought…by” as in Ezlagdi Batzakw Seldan “The Seldan was being fought by the Ezlag”
Present passive	Batzath {izath}	This form cannot literally be translated into English. If it did, Ezlagdi Batzath Seldan would translate as “**The Seldan was fight by the Ezlag” translate as the present passive participle form.
Present passive Continuative	Batzatz {izatz}	“is, am or are being fought…by” as in Ezlagdi Batzatz Seldan “The Seldan is being fought by the Ezlag
Future passive	Batzamt {izamt}	“Will or shall be fought…by” as in Ezlagdi Batzamt Seldan “The Seldan will be fought by the Ezleg”
Future passive Continuative	Batzavr {izavr}	“Will or shall be being fought…by” as in Ezlagdi Batzavr Seldan “The Seldan will be being fought by the Ezlag”

 

Then we move on to what is called the “auxiliary tenses” as they play the part of the auxiliary verbs in English. Note that there are not participle forms and that there are no passive variants.

 

Conditional {Should, would,} Also known as the ‘e’ grade

Past conditional	Batewet {mewet}	“Should/would have fought” in Ezlag Batawet Seldan “the Ezlag should have fought the Seldan”
Present conditional	Batelan {melan}	“Should/would {be} fight{ing}” in Ezleg Batelan Seldan “The Ezlag should fight/be fighting the Seldan”
Future conditional	Baterid {merid}	{Does not exist in English} “Should go and fight as in Ezlag Baterid Seldan “the Ezlag should go and fight the Seldan”

 

Possible {Can, may, might} Also known as the ‘I’ grade

Past possible	Batizh {lizh}	“Could/may/might have fought” in Ezlag Batizh Seldan “the Ezlag could have fought the Seldan”
Present possible	Batilux {lilux}	“Can/may/might fight” in Ezlag Batilux Seldan “the Ezleg can fight/be fighting the Seldan”
Future possible	Batimak {limak}	{Does not exist in English} “I can go and fight” in Ezlag Baterid Seldan “The Ezleg could go and fight the Seldan”

 

Obligatory {Must} Also known as the ‘u’ grade

Past obligatory	Batuwen {puwen}	“Must” in Ezlag Batuwen Seldan “The Ezlag must have fought the Seldan”
Present obligatory	Batuth {puth}	“Must” in Ezlag Batuth Seldan “The Ezleg must fight/ must go and fight the Seldan”
Future obligatory	Batutad {putad}	{Does not exist in English} “Must” as in Ezlag Batutad Seldan “The Ezlag must go and fight the Seldan”

 

Verbs and pronouns:

 

Kaldon, like English, pronouns and not inflections are used to distinguish person and this reduces the inflectional load. {Compare he prepares and you prepare with Latin Parat and Paratis} though in that example it show the obsolete –s inflection on the third person singular of a verb. Kaldon has no such forms, and thus pronouns are used, which agree in case with the subject noun. See more under pronouns.

 

Ën Wethath	I run	First person singular common
Ethela Wethath	You {s} run	Second person singular common
Mten Wethath	He runs	Third person singular masculine common
Mtel Wethath	She runs	Third person singular feminine common
Kwën Wethath	It runs	Third person singular neuter common
Len Wethath	It runs	Third person singular animate common
Ethelan Wethath	You {p} run	Second person plural common
Delen Wethath	They run	Third person plural common
Ël Wethath	We Run	First person plural common

 

Examples:

 

Ën Belamt Mten “I will see him”

Delen Milamt Glaidizhad “They will live to regret” {this} [unspecified, hence “this” is not needed]

Avternain Thamuth Mtol “Avternain must go home”

Ethezh Belath Ëne Zandla “You do not see me!” [you see me, not]

Kwën Ardynalm Etholm “It was made for you” [Dative case on you]

Ën Belilux Gland Mtol Gaxindath “I cannot see my home destroyed{ing}” [note the verb tenses agree for the present]

Mtel Ikwodalm Mten Kazarind Aigaz Mtel Phenalm Len “She took his sword and {she}struck it down” [killed it]

Alath Bair Lililux Alath Glodez “This world cannot be as bad as this” [this world can be this bad – not, also, perhaps in the vocative]

Ël Xarizh Bair “We could have ruled the world”

Ël Kwunutad Alath  Zalmamt “We must not let this happen”

Mten Ikwodalm Waitzël Hlakwonakw “He took the apple from the bowl”

 

Irregular verbs

 

.The irregular verbs in Kaldon are quite scarce. They belong to a class which are known as the “strong” verbs, which though they inflect regularly, they do it in a different way to normal verbs.

The strong verbs are clearly a remnant from an earlier stage of the Kaldon language, presumably from very long ago. The inflections are always the same for all the verbs of this kind, and since their meaning is normal, a paradigm will largely suffice. The example is Wedath “to flee” note that the present from is still the same

 

Past	Wedula
Past Continuative	Wedolazh
Present/Basic	Wedath
Present Continuative	Wedithi
Future	Wedere
Future Continuative	Wedarek

 

The passive forms have no relation to the normal forms

 

Past passive	Wedik
Past passive Continuative	Wedak
Present passive	Wedek
Present passive Continuative	Wedëzh
Future passive	Wedok
Future passive Continuative	Weduk

 

Conditional {Should, would,} Also known as the ‘e’ grade

Past conditional	Wedol
Present conditional	Wedal
Future conditional	Wedail

 

Possible {Can, may, might} Also known as the ‘I’ grade

Past possible	Wedox
Present possible	Wedix
Future possible	Wedak

 

Obligatory {Must} Also known as the ‘u’ grade

Past obligatory	Wedard
Present obligatory	Wedale
Future obligatory	Wedozhe

 

Some of these forms suggest earlier sound changes, such as the fricitisation of k in certain environments. However it is only worthwhile noting that these verbs are not many, and were in decline early on.

 

Go to part 2